agrotech lab - 14 Electronics Class Old

14.1 Presentation

14.2 Circuit diagrams

Make your own circuit diagrams here: https://www.circuit-diagram.org/editor/

14.3 Digital Write

Use the following code to activate LED pin.

int LED_pin = A4;

// the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board
void setup() {
  // initialize digital pin LED_pin as an output.
  pinMode(LED_pin, OUTPUT);
}

// the loop function runs over and over again forever
void loop() {
  digitalWrite(LED_pin, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
  delay(1000);                       // wait for a second
  digitalWrite(LED_pin, LOW);    // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
  delay(1000);                       // wait for a second
}

14.4 PWM with ESP32

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a method of controlling the average power delivered by an electrical signal. The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by switching the supply between 0 and 100% at a rate faster than it takes the load to change significantly. PWM is a technique for getting analog results with digital means. Digital control is used to create a square wave, a signal switched between on and off. This on-off pattern can simulate voltages in between the full Vcc of the board and off by changing the portion of time the signal spends on versus the time that the signal spends off. PWM is used in many applications such as controlling motor speed, heat output of heaters and variable speed fan controllers.

Use the following code to activate LED pin with PWM.

Download code

// the number of the LED pin
const int ledPin = D9;

// setting PWM properties
const int freq = 5000;
const int ledChannel = 0;
const int resolution = 8;
 
void setup(){
  // configure LED PWM functionalitites
  ledcSetup(ledChannel, freq, resolution);
  
  // attach the channel to the GPIO to be controlled
  ledcAttachPin(ledPin, ledChannel);
}
 
void loop(){
  // increase the LED brightness
  for(int dutyCycle = 0; dutyCycle <= 255; dutyCycle++){   
    // changing the LED brightness with PWM
    ledcWrite(ledChannel, dutyCycle);
    delay(15);
  }

  // decrease the LED brightness
  for(int dutyCycle = 255; dutyCycle >= 0; dutyCycle--){
    // changing the LED brightness with PWM
    ledcWrite(ledChannel, dutyCycle);   
    delay(15);
  }
}

14.5 Reading an Analog Pin

Use the following code to read an analog pin.

Download code

const int analog_pin = A4; // Pin into which we connect the input voltage
int val ;  // variable to store the value read


void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200); //
}

void loop() {
  val = analogRead(analog_pin);  // read the input pin
  Serial.println(val);          // print value
  delay(100);
}

14.6 ADC to voltage

Use the following code to convert ADC reading to voltage.

Download code

const int analog_pin = A4; // Pin into which we connect the input voltage
int val ;  // variable to store the value read
float voltage;

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200); //
}

void loop() {
  val = analogRead(analog_pin);  // read the input pin
  voltage = (3.3/4095)*val;  // convert to voltage according to ADC
  Serial.print("Voltage: ");
  Serial.print(voltage);          // print value
  Serial.println(" V");
  delay(100);
}

14.7 Potentiometer and PWM

Use the following code to control PWM with potentiometer and dim the LED.

Download code

const int ledPin = D9; // the number of the LED pin
int analog_pin = A4; // Pin into which we connect the middle leg of the potentiometer
int val ;  // variable to store the value read

// setting PWM properties
const int freq = 5000;        // 5000 Hz
const int ledChannel = 0;
const int resolution = 12;    // 12-bit resolution = between 0 and 4095
 
void setup(){
  Serial.begin(115200);
    
  // configure LED PWM functionalitites
  ledcSetup(ledChannel, freq, resolution);
  
  // attach the channel to the GPIO to be controlled
  ledcAttachPin(ledPin, ledChannel);
}
 
void loop(){
    val = analogRead(analog_pin);  // read the input pin
    Serial.println(val);          // print value
    ledcWrite(ledChannel, val);
    delay(15);  // update duty cycle parameters every 15 ms
  }

14.8 Thermistor

Download Data Sheet

Download code

// Thermistor 
// reading the temperature via the ESP32's ADC

const int analog_pin = A4; // Pin into which we connect the input voltage
int val ;  // variable to store the value read
float v2; // variable to store the voltage of v2
int r1 = 10000; // R1 value (in the voltage divider)
float v1 = 3.3; // V1 value
int b_val = 4150; // B value of the resistor (from the data sheet)
float r2; // variable to store the resistance of r2 (thermistor resistance)
float t; // variable to store the temperature
int adc_steps = 4095; // the number of increments our ADC has (ESP32 = 12bit)
float r_25 = 10000; // the thermistor resistance at 25C (from the data sheet)

// function to convert resistance to temperature according to the b value
// equation in this link:
// https://www.thinksrs.com/downloads/programs/therm%20calc/ntccalibrator/ntccalculator.html
float resistance_to_temperature(int b, float r, float r_25) {
  return b/(log(r/r_25)+(b/298.15))-273.15;
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200); //
}

void loop() {
  val = analogRead(analog_pin);  // read the input pin (reading v2)
  v2 = (v1/adc_steps)*val;  // convert to voltage of v2 according to ADC
  r2 = (v2*r1)/(v1-v2);
  t = resistance_to_temperature(b_val, r2, r_25);
  Serial.print("Temperature: ");
  Serial.print(t);          // print temperature
  Serial.println(" C");
  delay(100);
}