6  First programs

6.1 Blink

It’s time to run a first example.

1. Go to File > Examples > 01.Basics, click on Blink.
2. Press the “right arrow” button on the top left to upload the code onto the ESP32.
3. When you see “Connecting” on the bottom of the screen, press the right button on the ESP32.

Download code

// the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board
void setup() {
  // initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output.
  pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
}

// the loop function runs over and over again forever
void loop() {
  digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
  delay(1000);                       // wait for a second
  digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);    // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
  delay(100);                       // wait for a second
}

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6.2 Printing increasing numbers

Upload the following code to your ESP32, then click on the on the top right corner. This is called “Serial Monitor”.

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// This is a one-line comment

/*
This
comment
spans
many
rows
*/

int num = 0;              // integer 

void setup() {
  /* initialize serial communication with computer
   * baud rate 9600 = 9600 bits per second
   */ 
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  // print num and break line
  Serial.println(num);
  // print num, don't break line
  // Serial.print(num);
  delay(1000);        // 1000 ms delay
  num = num + 1;      // increase num by 1
}

/*
 * 1. To see the numbers go to
 * Tools > Serial Plotter
 * 2. After you see the numbers,
 * press the ESP32 reset button and see what happens
 * 3. In the Serial Plotter window,
 * change baud rate to another number, see what happens 
 */

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6.3 Printing random numbers, then plotting!

1. Upload the following code to your ESP32.
2. Open the Serial Monitor (). Now close it, and
3. Go to Tools > Serial Plotter.

Download code

int num1 = 0, num2 = 0;

void setup() {
  // initialize serial communication with computer:
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  // random(min, max)
  num1 = num1 + random(-5, 5);
  num2 = num2 + random(-10, 10);
  // print num1, then tab, then num2, then break line
  Serial.print(num1);
  Serial.print("\t");
  Serial.println(num2);
  delay(100);        // 1000 ms delay
}

/*
 * 1. See the random numbers on the Serial Monitor
 * 2. Open the Serial Plotter
 * 3. Reset ESP32 while looking at the graph
 */

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6.4 Floats, functions, conditionals

We will now learn how to deal with floats, how to define our own functions, and how to write conditionals (if/else).

Download code

// initialize 4 floats (decimals)
// time and 3 more variables to be plotted
float t = 0, x1 = 0, x2 = 0, x3 = 0;

void setup() {
  // initialize serial communication with computer:
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

/*
 * This is how you define a function.
 * In this case, the function returns a float (decimal)
 */
float my_sine(float time) {
  return sin(time);
}

float my_cosine(float time) {
  float double_time;              // you can define internal variables,
  double_time = 2.0 * time;       // write as many commands as you want
  return 2.0 * cos(double_time);  // in the end, return float
}

void loop() {
  x1 = my_sine(t);
  x2 = my_cosine(t);
  // now let's make a square wave
  if (x1 > 0) {
    x3 = -1.0;
  } else {
    x3 = 1.0;
  }
  Serial.print("sin:"); Serial.print(x1); Serial.print("\t");
  Serial.print("cos:"); Serial.print(x2); Serial.print("\t");
  Serial.print("square:"); Serial.print(x3);
  Serial.println();
  delay(50);        // 1000 ms delay
  t += 0.05;
}

---

6.5 WiFi, read time

Download code

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  WIFI setup:

#include <WiFi.h>

const char* ssid = "HUJI-guest"; // your wifi SSID name
const char* password = "" ;// wifi pasword
String formattedTime;
float rand_int = 0, cumulative = 0;

WiFiClient client;

//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Set time
#include <NTPClient.h>
#include <WiFiUdp.h>

const long utcOffsetInSeconds = 3600 * 2; // For UTC +2.00 : 2 * 60 * 60

char daysOfTheWeek[7][12] = {"Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday"};

// Define NTP Client to get time
WiFiUDP ntpUDP;
NTPClient timeClient(ntpUDP, "pool.ntp.org", utcOffsetInSeconds);

int time_s ; // variable for the second


void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);
  //---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  //wifi conection:
  WiFi.disconnect();
  delay(10);
  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

  Serial.println();
  Serial.println();
  Serial.print("Connecting to ");
  Serial.println(ssid);

  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
    delay(500);
    Serial.print(".");
  }
  Serial.println("");
  Serial.print("NodeMcu connected to wifi...");
  Serial.println(ssid);
  Serial.println();
  //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
  // stings for time:
  timeClient.begin();

}

void loop() {
  timeClient.update();
  time_s = timeClient.getSeconds();
  if (time_s == 0) {
    formattedTime = timeClient.getFormattedTime();
    Serial.print("A new minute has started!\nFull time = ");
    Serial.println(formattedTime);
  }
  
  Serial.print("second = ");
  Serial.print(time_s);
  rand_int = random(10, 20);
  cumulative += rand_int;
  Serial.print("\trand = ");
  Serial.print(rand_int);
  Serial.print("\trunning sum = ");
  Serial.println(cumulative);
  if (time_s%10==9) {
    Serial.print("Average  = ");
    Serial.println(cumulative / 10);
    cumulative = 0;
  }
  
  delay(1000);
}

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6.6 Home assignment

You will write Arduino code that incorporates all the following elements. Upload your .ino file on the course’s Moodle page.

• variable declaration (e.g., float my_var=1.23;)
• function declaration
• Built in LED control
• Conditionals (if, else)
• Random numbers
• Serial plotting, numbers and text
• Comments explaining every step of what you did
• Bonus: connect to WiFi and make use of time from the internet
• Obligatory: at the very top of your code, write in many lines an explanation (in English) of what your code does

/*
Author: Harry Potter
Class: Agrotech Lab
Date: 2023-03-14
This code does bla bla bla.
More explanations here.
*/